INFESTATION AND ABUNDANCE OF CERATITIS COSYRA (WALKER) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN WARBURGIA SALUTARIS (CANELLACEAE) IN MAPUTO, MOZAMBIQUE.
Abstract
The fruit fly genera Dacus, Ceratitis, Bactrocera e Anastrepha contain the economically most important species in temperate and subtropical regions. These species can cause damage to cultivated fruit plant species as well forest ones. However, information on fruit fly species hosting Warburgia salutaris (Canellaceae) is scarce. Hence, field and laboratory works were conducted during December 2010, January and December 2011 to investigate potential fruit infestation and abundance. The survey was done in Maputo Province, District of Namaacha and Locality of Kassemate. A total of 640 fruits were collected for this research, 160 fruits of the total were sampled from each plant, where 80 fruits were collected from the soil and the remaining the tree. The samples of 80 fruits were replicated in subsamples of 10 fruits and incubated in glass jars for 35 days. The infestation levels were calculated using percentage interval infestation scale. The abundance was estimate through the number of pupa divided by the total plant samples per 100%. Infestation levels varied from low to moderate and from 52 fruit fly sampled individuals73.3% were found from fruits in the ground while 26.6% hatched from tree samples. Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) (Tephritidae) was identified from all samples. These results can be added to those of further multi-factorial research and be used to find out and mitigate the cause of massive and earlier fruit drop down from W. salutaris in Kassemate.
References
DE MEYER, M. et al. Ecological niche and potential geographic distribution of the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens (Diptera, Tephritidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, v.100, p. 35–48, 2010.
DE MEYER, M.; MOHAMED, S.; WHITE, I. M. Invasive Fruit Fly Pests in Africa: A diagnostic tool and information reference for the four Asian species of fruit fly (Diptera, Tephritidae) that have become accidentally established as pests in Africa, including the Indian Ocean Islands. 2012. Disponivel: www.africamuseum.be/fruitfly/AfroAsia.htm. Acesso em: 12 de Março de 2012.
GARCIA, F. R. M.; NORRBOM, A. L. Tephritoid flies (Diptera, Tephritoidea) and their plant hosts from the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil. Florida Entomologist, v. 94, p. 151-157, 2011. Disponivel em: http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1653/024.094.0205. Acesso: em 29 de Janeiro de 2013.
GARCIA F. R. M.; BANDEIRA, R. R.. Biodiversidade de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) em Moçambique. Acolhendo a Alfabetização nos Paises de Língua Portuguesa (USP), v. 5, p. 24-44, 2010 “. Disponível em: http://www.acoalfaplp.net. Acesso em 15 de Janeiro de 2012.
GARCIA, F. R. M. Fruit Fly: biological and ecological aspects. In: Bandeira R. B, Editor. Current Trends in Fruit Fly Control on Perennial Crops and Research Prospects, 1-35., 2009. Transworld Research Network. Kerala, 2009.
GROVÉ, T.; BEER, M. S. de; DREYER, S; STEYN, W.P. Monitoring Fruit Flies in Avocado Orchards. South African Avocado Growers’ Association Yearbook, v. 21, p. 80-82, 1998.
HUFFAKKER, C.B.; GUTERREZ, A.P. Ecological Entomology. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
JANSEN, P. C. M.; MENDES, O. Plantas medicinais, seu uso tradicional em Moçambique. Maputo: Imprensa do Partido. 1990. 320p.
KROG, M.; FALCÃO, M. P. and OLSEN, C. S. Medicinal plant markets and trade in Maputo, Mozambique. Forest & Landscape, v.16, p.1-49, 2006.
LEAL, M. R. et al. Diversidade de moscas-das-frutas, suas plantas hospedeiras e seus parasitóides nas regiões Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Ciência Rural, v. 39, 2009.
MAUSSE, S. D.; BANDEIRA, R. R. Ecological relationships between Ceratitis spp. (Diptera: Tephrididae) and other native fruit tree pests in Southern Mozambique. Fruits, v. 62, p.35-44, 2007. Disponivel: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8117767. Acesso em: 30 de Março de 2012.
MWATAWALA, M. W et al. Host range and distribution of fruit-infesting pestiferous fruit flies (Diptera,Tephritidae) in selected areas of Central Tanzania. Bulletin of Entomological Research, p.1-13, 2009.
NASCA, A. J.; DE ARAOZ, D. S. F.; SOLBES, D. R. Relación hospedero-moscas de los frutos-parasitoides observada en algunos lugares de la provincia de Tucumán”. Revista Trilogía, edición especial, p.73-79, 1988.
NDIAYE, M.; DIENG, E.O.; DELHOVE, G. Population dynamics and on-farm fruit fly integrated pest management in Mango Orchards in the natural area of Niayes in Senegal. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, v.14, p. 1-8, 2008.
OROÑO, E. L. et al. Two new native host plant records for Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Argentina. Florida Entomologist, v. 88, p.228-232, 2005.
OVRUSKI, S. M.; SCHLISERMAN, P.; ALUJA, M. Native and introduced host plants of Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northwestern Argentina. Journal of Economic Entomology, v. 96, p.1108-11018, 2003.
PRICE, P. W. Insect Ecology, 3. ed. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
RABE, T.; VAN STADEN, J. Isolation of antibacterial sesquiterpenoid from Warburgia salutaris. Elsivier, v.73, p.171-174, 2000.
SCHOONHOVEN, L. M.; JEREMY, T.; VAN LOON, J. J. A. Insect-plant biology: from physiology to evolution. London: Chapman & Hall, 1998.
SOUTHWOOD T. R. E. Ecological Methods with particular reference to the study of insect populations. The English Language Book Society and Chapman and Hall. 1978. p. 19-22.
STECK G. J. Mango fruit fly, Marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida: University of Florida, 2003. Dsiponivel em:
TURICA, A.; MALLO, R.G. Observaciones sobre la población de las “Tephritidae” y sus endoparásitos en algunas regiones citrícolas argentinas. Revista IDIA, v. 6, p.145-161, 1961.
VAN WYK, B.; GERICKE, N. People’s plants of South Africa. Pretoria: Briza Publictions. 2000. 351p.
VAYSSIÈRES, J. et al. The mango tree in central and northern Benin: damage caused by fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae) and computation of economic injury level. Fruits, v. 64, p. 207–220, 2009.
VAYSSIÈRES, J.F.; REY, J.Y.; TRAORÉ, L. Distribution and host plants of Bactrocera cucurbitae in West and Central Africa. Fruits, v. 62, p. 391–396, 2007.
WEBSTER, C. C.; WILSON, P.N. Agriculture in the tropics. 2. ed. Longman Scientific and Technical. 1985.
WUBE, A. A.; BUCAR, F.; GIBBONS, S. and ASRES, K. Sesquiterpens from Warburgia ugandensis and their antimycobacterial activity. Elevier, v. 66, p.2309-2315, 2005.
YOUDEOWEI, A.; EZEDINMA, F. O. C.; ONAZI, O. C. Introduction to tropical agriculture. Longman, 1986.
